Apa Itu Disleksia?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/2wBDABMNDhEODBMRDxEVFBMXHTAfHRoaHToqLCMwRT1JR0Q9Q0FMVm1dTFFoUkFDX4JgaHF1e3x7SlyGkIV3j214e3b/2wBDARQVFR0ZHTgfHzh2T0NPdnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnZ2dnb/wAARCABdAJYDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwDqXDFTt61GMgA9MjNTI8Z53Cq7sGGPuqO5OKltc1wQqNIXwCGH06U15m80oN2B3PQ0xbmFW2q+SeMgcVJ8u/pk0bjKU64lOcZ61LaRBizNjAHf1qSSFd5lkIXPUk1UmvlH7uAcZ5Y96ztZlc2hdZox95yfpWXelfPWRBg4xmq8twxbrUUjkxnJpTl7oRWppWkm6OVnYn5SBVHa+etX7RFa2UBcAjr60w2SKxLytt9AKwlzO1h6DrGKV0ZEIAJySe1WvscaHMkxPsOKLcw2UG9mJLcqhrNN2zzMzE8nkVtCmrXkS5djTEcMkgVGYH61oJwMMc+9YkTESK49a12l2qCT261baQiSTk7eg7mq8sxj4jQsfYU2S5Hc1Rmu5RJtEh20uZLULFhg8ikzbgv90VQaGKRipQ7c/wB6tGPc1uN3U881BHCQ4L4Az603qNaDblYreNVWIYHAFFOv8OF2YbnNFVcRatoHlXcMBT3NVNQh8uXaeQK21KqABgAdMVQ1OIyfOnNLlSQXuZsWzzV3gkdcVYlvkiHyKWc+vQVSBdZlypwDzmo7sEOaSY2hlzdvK2ZGz7dhUSvk9ahRSZskZrQEUQiLmMbgOMVm3cdrFM8tU9rCs8oRvunk/SmNCW5VgD6GmxrJE+XeMjB6GsnfqUbTOqjaoA7ADtVSR/nwOTUEc20Ek9qt2hS2AnlG6U/dX096v4tETsRXkMisplG0soOPSqh5OB96rNzO9zKXY5NQeWF5710rsQWtPcO4jc7Qe57VellXYyI2SnFZKqQ+5adE0rXBcjCkYxWFTRlpXHtMSetRlyxFNkXa5FItAi/Fcb48ZpQcnms2GfynZD2q0lzz2q1JWG0XAi7QXB56CihXDopHTFFUIvliqgj0rOlvpjnGFFWo5i6AEDGMcVG1rEeSxFGotDOPn3DdCPc02eGRF+di3HXFXrt/LVTG3IoshJJCzS8qTwT3pW6FIwZJ3tzyM+xFSpqSSpsYFeeo5Fa08UAXDqpB7GqLJEFwkYUe3FRyPuVdEEswVcqQaWC2+04aSQr7CobqNY4wVByWq5E20DHFCgm9RN2WhOLCLAUF/wATTLwi3CbiTkYBNPSdgfWpDKrqRIgb2Iq+VLYm/crraTygH5UBo+yun8YNTCcr8o4HakaRm6saFFbhdkCyvDkHafepILwZwwFMkjDDnNaIihiYBEAGPSly6hczZ3DMSEb24qpJJJj5QR9BXReX8oPUGq8tpkEqTn0pOn5gpGEtnNN8x34PcVKumzDlS5x71p2CyDcDGwGe4rQciKIdtxqIwTKcmZemb1jaKTfwcgsDRV3zc96K0SsrCvcrWpaGMBgQTzUFzMXc8nFQPK277x596ZM+Me9XaysSSh/3bVYhuGNsFVsY4qnErOuADVqGCRFZmQ7faps73K6Fm0txOGeUkqvHXqala2t1UnZ+ZNRTTvaWMSx8PJ8xz2qg1/cHgsCPQCrUSSHUWGzKoMFscdqu6bCk6s7Dcq8AZ71BEouIyjdSc0k6tAqRKSOpwO9CjqM1PLQdEQYpkgQDhU/CsbDY7jPakZSeueO+aqwi0zFpVwOSdoArYi0+OOMGXLOevPArGsX23Ee9uASSat3WqySHbGdi+3WotqNli5ijUcKBTIZxK+xuGH61nyXMx/5aHpS2ReW8iXgMW6inYk27mRYVXjtwKqm6Y9ABU2o9UHtVIAmhsCyJ25yetNupD9njOepNQMdo5OKWY7rGIj1I/WpKEV80VDGaKkCi7lmAXmpo4nlYEqas2tiWxxWzbWQUDIrWxJBZWeFGRWi0KpHgDmpUQIMCoL+XybZ3HUDigDntTl826OD8q8Cqm3joR9KeRufqMk9ake2xGXWRGI5IFUMjhfY+RmpdRdWlQ+qCqfmAd6JZTIkeCMgY5p9R9BScjGCB7GgYJGeSO9RGT6UCT1pkliBtwc7SMNt5pSozmmRNlWI9advqbDZZgECkechYH3xitG2NnHKphj+c8A+lYZkPSp9Om23iFzhRySaj3kxaHQzWrXONrBSPUVF/Zbjq4NXbaWN0yjg/jU9NpAmZy6djrii4sQLfHZTmtGjrS5R3OVkkhibBb9DRW3c6akjblAFFQ0y00TwW4RegqwBiiitTMKZLGs0ZRwCDT6KAOem0ScSExupXsKhfTbpewrp6CAaVh3OJl0m6zx8oqL+yLpgVLHnvXcmNT2FJ5Kegq7iOF/sa8X/lqT9RmlXSroH5mB/Cu4MKegpPJT0FHMBx62M6jpSPZXPZRXYeRH/do+zx+lILnGrZ3JPzR/kanW0lAwENdX9nj9KPs8fpQ9QOftVmh6AiteCd8DINWfs8fpThEo6CkAiSE9RUoOaQKBS0AFFFFAH/2Q==" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a><i>Tahukah Anda bahwa para pesohor seperti Albert Einstein, Sir Winston Churchill, Tom Cruise, Walt Disney, dan Lee Kuan Yeuw adalah penyandang disleksia? Mereka orang-orang yang mengalami kesulitan</i><i> mengolah kata. Namun, dalam prosesnya, toh mereka bisa menjadi “besar” karena tak menyerah pada keadaan. Mungkin belum banyak yang mengetahui lebih dalam mengenai disleksia. Dalam beberapa seri tulisan, </i>Kompas.com<i> akan mencoba mengupasnya… </i><b> </b></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>KOMPAS.com </b>—<b> </b>Disleksia berasal dari kata Yunani yaitu “dys” yang berarti kesulitan dan “leksia” yang berarti kata-kata. Dengan kata lain, disleksia berarti kesulitan dalam mengolah kata-kata. Ketua Pelaksana Harian Asosiasi Disleksia Indonesia dr Kristiantini Dewi, Sp A, menjelaskan, disleksia merupakan kelainan dengan dasar kelainan neurobiologis dan ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam mengenali kata dengan tepat atau akurat dalam pengejaan dan dalam kemampuan mengode simbol. Terdapat dua macam disleksia, yaitu<i> developmental dyslexia</i> dan <i>acquired dyslexia</i>. </span> <br /> <div style="clear: both; float: left; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 20px;" width="300"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /> </span></div><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Developmental Dyslexia</i> merupakan bawaan sejak lahir dan karena faktor genetis atau keturunan. Penyandang disleksia akan membawa kelainan ini seumur hidupnya atau tidak dapat disembuhkan. Tidak hanya mengalami kesulitan membaca, mereka juga mengalami hambatan mengeja, menulis, dan beberapa aspek bahasa yang lain. Meski demikian, anak-anak penyandang disleksia memiliki tingkat kecerdasan normal atau bahkan di atas rata-rata. Dengan penanganan khusus, hambatan yang mereka alami bisa diminimalkan.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> “Disleksia itu menurut penelitian sekitar 70 persen merupakan keturunan. Namun, sisanya 30 persen, berarti ada faktor lain di luar genetis yang hingga saat ini belum diketahui apa itu penyebabnya. Selain karena keturunan, <i>acquired dyslexia </i>itu awalnya individu normal, tetapi menjelang dewasa mengalami cedera otak sebelah kiri dan bisa menyebabkannya menjadi disleksia,” kata Kristiantini dalam Seminar Nasional Disleksia, Sabtu (31/7/2010) di Jakarta.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sejumlah ahli juga mendefinisikan disleksia sebagai suatu kondisi pemrosesan <i>input </i>atau informasi yang berbeda (dari anak normal) yang sering kali ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam membaca yang dapat memengaruhi area kognisi, seperti daya ingat, kecepatan pemrosesan <i>input</i>, kemampuan pengaturan waktu, aspek koordinasi, dan pengendalian gerak. Dapat juga terjadi kesulitan visual dan fonologis, dan biasanya terdapat perbedaan kemampuan di berbagai aspek perkembangan.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> Masalah yang juga bisa mengikuti penyandang disleksia di antaranya konsentrasi, daya ingat jangka pendek (cepat lupa dengan instruksi). “Penyandang disleksia juga mengalami masalah dalam pengorganisasian. Mereka cenderung tidak teratur. Misalnya, memakai sepatu tetapi lupa memakai kaus kaki. Masalah lainnya, kesulitan dalam penyusunan atau pengurutan, entah itu hari, angka, atau huruf,” papar Kristiantini yang juga seorang dokter anak. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> Secara lebih detail, seperti dikutip dari <a href="http://www.dyslexia-indonesia.org/">www.dyslexia-indonesia.org</a>, penyandang disleksia biasanya mengalami masalah-masalah, seperti :</span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> 1.    Masalah fonologi: Yang dimaksud masalah fonologi adalah hubungan sistematik antara huruf dan bunyi. Misalnya mereka mengalami kesulitan membedakan ”paku” dengan ”palu”; atau mereka keliru memahami kata-kata yang mempunyai bunyi hampir sama, misalnya ”lima puluh” dengan ”lima belas”. Kesulitan ini tidak disebabkan masalah pendengaran, tetapi berkaitan dengan proses pengolahan <i>input </i>di dalam otak. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> 2.    Masalah mengingat perkataan: Kebanyakan anak disleksia mempunyai level kecerdasan normal atau di atas normal. Namun, mereka mempunyai kesulitan mengingat perkataan. Mereka mungkin sulit menyebutkan nama teman-temannya dan memilih untuk memanggilnya dengan istilah “temanku di sekolah” atau “temanku yang laki-laki itu”. Mereka mungkin dapat menjelaskan suatu cerita, tetapi tidak dapat mengingat jawaban untuk pertanyaan yang sederhana. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> 3.    Masalah penyusunan yang sistematis atau berurut: Anak disleksia mengalami kesulitan menyusun sesuatu secara berurutan misalnya susunan bulan dalam setahun, hari dalam seminggu, atau susunan huruf dan angka. Mereka sering ”lupa” susunan aktivitas yang sudah direncanakan sebelumnya, misalnya lupa apakah setelah pulang sekolah langsung pulang ke rumah atau langsung pergi ke tempat latihan sepak bola. Padahal, orangtua sudah mengingatkannya bahkan mungkin hal itu sudah pula ditulis dalam agenda kegiatannya. Mereka juga mengalami kesulitan yang berhubungan dengan perkiraan terhadap waktu. Misalnya mereka mengalami kesulitan memahami instruksi seperti ini: ”Waktu yang disediakan untuk ulangan adalah 45 menit. Sekarang pukul 08.00. Maka 15 menit sebelum waktu berakhir, Ibu Guru akan mengetuk meja satu kali”. Kadang kala mereka pun ”bingung” dengan perhitungan uang yang sederhana, misalnya mereka tidak yakin apakah uangnya cukup untuk membeli sepotong kue atau tidak. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> 4.    Masalah ingatan jangka pendek: Anak disleksia mengalami kesulitan memahami instruksi yang panjang dalam satu waktu yang pendek. Misalnya ibu menyuruh anak untuk “Simpan tas di kamarmu di lantai atas, ganti pakaian, cuci kaki dan tangan, lalu turun ke bawah lagi untuk makan siang bersama ibu, tapi jangan lupa bawa serta buku PR Matematikanya, ya”, maka kemungkinan besar anak disleksia tidak melakukan seluruh instruksi tersebut dengan sempurna karena tidak mampu mengingat seluruh perkataan ibunya. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"> 5.    Masalah pemahaman sintaks: Anak disleksia sering mengalami kebingungan dalam memahami tata bahasa, terutama jika dalam waktu yang bersamaan mereka menggunakan dua atau lebih bahasa yang mempunyai tata bahasa yang berbeda. Anak disleksia mengalami masalah dengan bahasa keduanya apabila pengaturan tata bahasanya berbeda daripada bahasa pertama. Misalnya dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal susunan diterangkan–menerangkan (contoh: tas merah). Namun, dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal susunan menerangkan-diterangkan (contoh: <i>red bag</i>). </span><br /> </div>

Apa Itu Disleksia?

Tahukah Anda bahwa para pesohor seperti Albert Einstein, Sir Winston Churchill, Tom Cruise, Walt Disney, dan Lee Kuan Yeuw adalah penyandang disleksia? Mereka orang-orang yang mengalami kesulitan m…

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<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> Jakarta, Kompas - Disleksia ada hubungannya dengan gen atau plasma pembawa sifat tertentu. Namun, gen tersebut hanya memengaruhi kemampuan membaca, tetapi tidak memengaruhi intelegensia.<br /> <br /> <a 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W7R+zqNHafUVMhIRkcI5J30FSRqAArbyHlWANrLdonL8Vpk8mHZbrTCkd2dJ3kYMdgD0Pl9lG5t41NnZjJMBY2SMfCibEKi1d7AlibbTfh8IT3kuBplo9KncjxODRYg6rOqxXQBRewJIFnFZ41xhklKxKDoa2tQVuxsV8/IENZBJG+5IF25C5DeeaOR1NndfMRIV+NvItQpRt5E77L3zh+QSCNY4xSqPvPmTXmepOOc9lHP8AkplGXdfo+cYm1cH62rI0uRvW40k3seu5x0/ADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDEdxrjkWVjMkrKqD4iTVA3VD8Ykj4Rud8DqWdkY+P8xRZRLbxOQdCA0WrzJOyqPNjsPnQPM+N5+SdzK7aidgBZVV66V0k15CxZZlb8kAYc5zDlM+0qd7JG8u2phoLAlfCh3GwsBGsGhtuWxGcM4AlmOOZgFPjmMmkLZA0DQgBurJAY7kbadWI8S59xZOpw2mmpdGu75/A95XhzzyhUBazQFnxMKoAkUAtmyKFgU3xHH3mPskeAM6LSglqVmaMb+96BVkGtqG46i+8r8uLBIxizpljr4I4UDb+NQ8ijYVZCjTev79jmTJSKwb8IPl428IV0JGoXZRkdDZ6+PUBtVDbHHLEeL6FaW+DgS8Ko6SN1ItfDYaloaSQPtoeZFUb6TyX2pTZeoM5csYoK96ptyAA1mnG9fl+E/EdsbXEOVcjIhvOTSSAHTJHASka6SoDaUYgX5X0A2AF4p+Z5XVJF73YsNSMCGWQVYKuNTUV3IB2AsUD4eQsU+TWe9Z5E4xjn12102+6P0Hkc/FOgkidXRujKbH+fbGxjgnCeb1yMpMUj7eFh3bODQA3IWmqupN39uOucrc4wZ6MMlg+YYadwaNX7+R3xPKOOucVxSTSJ/DDDHSAwwwwAwwwwAwwwwAwwwwAwwwwAwwwwAwwwwAx8ZgASegx9xy7tA7T8zlsxJlcuixlKuRxqY6lDAxqfCB1FnVZB2FbxlJRWWX6fTz1E1XXzOi5idjQUbN06gtsSQKoqa/GJ2vEPxnluHOQvDKCy6rJjcalkUDcEqAW9SfJiDttjlvBe1vPQH64jMoTurAB99qRlHU+hBs7bY6XzFnc4YV7nLTqqkd4iPEJDHVUhEhIINGhRIBph5wdicHJLOO4v1Ojt0dijN4fc0/j1IHJdj+Q7ymadtO7KZ1NbgrqVVDUSD5+WLXmuRshIiI2XSkNqRasCevjUhiD6E1sPQVSxO43XhudRl3DJGqvZ604k1Enzs7+d4yR825cjfiDIfNJJ1R0I6q6MAysKIIPoceT/tHXHN1E4+STOThO15dnF5tl0yfLWQykWlIY1QEk2us3VWWa2Ph269NumNHjnLWUzL67zEUiWpbLmSJmVnNglVphrJbz6k9LxG8r8xiad0gb6YFUFpO8BEJOwXX8J1DUaUahp32Iq4SGY3pCLsKLEtv5gqAOnrZv0GPTpshqKlLheH3NfsZZRcJYKc3Z3kH0mTLZnMNpsSzTvqIrUA2qVWHXTWkUQb9TIcV4bwrR9HzGXiiBU6QYgvhBC2jqKBG3Q2NsWQxvYOsUCdgvVa2F3672MVHi3L2c74tlJUcsB3pzIOxApQjRKK2N6Koddixtbx11/kRTfTOBHDfrMp2f5DybSHupgwLM1RsFJWi26EEA7GylDzAXys/CuAw5dNKMscY8RIY9Qu8jG1pgaJbqdNbdR9PKnFJfBLNlY0J3eJXaRaNjQHpQbA8Xl1G4GMvOnJOdzsRRMzGASC0fdFFko2oL62ZQD4qAIJAsbYjp5XOLd0FF+DyXzm7HGt2Ph8c4XsJLJ85ZZaD5qAr+UcxHYJo1eret/ciq1bnFljkDAEEEEWCDYIPocfnSbkrOxSdzKohHTXJLphoaR/GAkdCDprUALIABrrvJPAHyWVSETmU2zCvgUEC0jVm+AUCPeS9gxGL4yb7iWp00KUuGyMs9M/T7lwwxrwZhiaKEep8hXuaJ3vy8r8xjYxMxjDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDERxjOTq6LHaqfxhC01vY8DBN0Wt9Z29xW4Evhin5bmrMxL3mbj0r3cVbGO3d5g9mQKA1Io7sWbZbNNYuGAGIfjPKGSzjq+Zy8crqNIZhvpvVVjyvevUnExhgCu5Hs74ZDIsseUhWRDqVtNkN67nr7/bixYY+XgD7WNeTh0LElo0JPUlASfmax7zGaVBbGtwB6kk0AB5mzjDHnWIU9zINV3ei1ANDUNd7jcAWfWjtgD4eExXaqEaiNSeA0TdWPfejj0ckSpBkk62DYBABurCix87PviJzHMki5lIxC3dsEt2FadX0i7F3/slqgfiN1tiWHFIfCO8UFhagmiRTHYHforfsn0wA/B0fi1AvqN07FwDv8IYkD4iNvKvTG1jHDmUcEoysAaNEGiOoNeftj3eAPuGF4hM3zZCpKxAzsNj3daAf5UhIW/YEn2xXZbCqPFY0l4koxcnhImqxHScvwklkDRMepiYx2fVgpCsfdgemMOR5ohchHuGQmgsmwJ8gji0Yn0Bv2GJjCuyFkeKDTXgccXF4ZF/Rs3H8EqTD0lXQ37cY0/8A4/v834bKfx0Eqe6r3q/YY7b9pVxKYYsOGDKZ+KUao3Vx6qwb+zGfERksssuZfMaVpAYkahqYhvrGJ61ahB+q/k2JfADDDDAGvneIwwgGWRIwTQLsFBPWgScaeX5lyrvMglQNASJAzBSoUKSxBPweIeLpjT5t5Y+miIGQxohk1kAaikkEkLBSwIG0nUj1xrScgZVzI4eT60NuGUgd4cuwK+Hejl0Iuxubu9tEY1cK4m8/I5uTqcZy7FAJoyZAWQBx4lF2V33Gx6eh9Mac/N2STuycxHpkYorhwUDKmshnB0r4fU72PXGhHyHEskUiySa4w+/hGtpGldi+lQSpaZjo+EbUBvejkezGEZdYpZZGbRpZl0qN8p9D8I07AR7i7N9SemJKNHfJ/wAz9jm5YuIcy5SBZDJPGvdC5BqBZQSALUb9SB9o9cbUPEoXfQkiM+kNpDAnSaINA3RBG/uPXFfzvZ7DLJPI8sxMyOnVaQO0T+DwXs0K0DYq9t8buR5SiizTZoMzSON7CVqKRoxB06hYiXwg1udulRcauHZvP9fc7uSXEMoZFGltLKbW91J9GXzU39nUUQMVbmLtOy+T+reORswK1RAUFvoTIfDpPUFbJ9BvUzx3mVcsdOnUdtRJYKurUFBKI7WxU14fLcja6vzRyenGHWWMdxJECjuwstsSEpTZClg4e6Ibaw1rmecbF1LrU07U3HvxzKsO2fPd6X7uHu/zdNsP5y7v3qv5OL1y52oZXN+HRMkoGoxiJpfCKBZTErWoLAWQDv0xVz2Hvv8A6ytX+Q9gel95XTzr7Bi3cichR8NWQlhJLIfE+kikX4UUFmNXbHfcn2GIRU092ehq7tDZD8iuUZfD27sj+deZ1VULpMMrv3xOXmUBiyiPvNUYBjJJsDz02CDWK/8AhfhV13cd3VfQ26/uf8746vNl0dSrqGUiiGAII9CDscaA5XyX6Ll/3Kf4cebrOyq9VZ6SU5Lye3yMNd7gsJI5uOO5BGT6OpWcn6rusuY5CxrZSyKpuwCpNEGj1x07JS5gxoZY41c1rCyEgdLrwfPb+s9ceYOAZWM6kghRqItY1U0eu4F74yiGUMNLroA6FCW6H8fXXWvxegPrYv0Whjo01GUnnqyNlrs5pewi5Z86cymlNMBCawdJYH/WNdVd9Ir39K88SbcSQC3DKNOo6kYACyNzWm9ul309RiMzE2fGYQKqGKk1Ebbn6TYFgnyhs+V7XZGJFM1NQ1Q+Kt9Dqyg6gKBbSTsb6Dofa95UVbM585lhJGTFFVp3baXkU9Gdl3A8woPnZ32HjuW/PT/v3/xY+Tdn0zOzxTfQ1clmhit01mvECQoW97CqOuPv+j7Nf/UH/d/d+P8Af8/I74+Y1HZvaVljlG/C7sOS+C2N0L6Ixw4fI18+Y0jLTyymMdQ8rupvyKWdV9NNG/TGgOcskBs7ADYVBN9gH1eJvI9m9yas5mGzSLukbrpUMbBLUfFtVD59d7mTyRw/9Fh36+Ae/wDefvwj2A7Y51dspS8Ht8VkPV8L/Likikz855HQ2tyUo6rglKkULu46Ioj78TfJHGiIWkkTMKkhDQx/R55NEWkAEtoIt/i0qaAI87OJscjcO/RIftQEbe3pudvc4m9Ix6Wg7Kp0UnKtyeer/ZJFNuolasPBwfjHajxF8xMYp2hiDlY4+6j1Kqkr49cbNqbYkE7bivTUk7SuKG6zbgfzcNgbeYhHvvXmPTftPHuTMlnd54VL/nF8Eg2r41omvQ2NumIXg/ZJkIH1sJJyPhExUqD+qqqrf0gceg4zzsz0qb+zlV+ZU+JeL3+Kx7jY7O+aFzOTgDqIpdOnTRCyFBReIkUwI8WxNWQel4tUU6uLVgw9QbH3jH0oKrFSznL+YgUCCdUhRF1F2KfDMHcgRaUU6AbamLWQepOLTxpNNvHIt+GIjl7LTKGaSwrBSEMskpDblm1SqHW7UaKoafUnEvgcKj2h8v5jORwpCqOFZi6s1Aho2QA0y7eI+IGx1AOPOd5FeRJvrEDyzLKwKs0elYBEIyNQLKrapAdt622xcMMaI6icYqK7v7OYRQ+I8g5ip2jzGstl3jRWBDGRstDBqZ9VdYA3Tq5xP8G5caHLmJpWUmV5PqvAqh2J0IG1eEX9/p0xO4Y5O+c48Mhgi/wGf0jMftj/AAY1s5lO50kzZl2ZqVFdSXaixAsAfCpJsjYHE7jBnMkkq6XFi7FEqQR5qykEH3B8zig6UmbNwZyf6x2icEfVsoARYF75XmDsDYEnooBJDBtIbFz4blEjTwHVq8Rc0S5NeLYAdKqqAAAGwxH57l2Lu27pKfdlpqIYqqErq1Lq0qK1AgEA+pxFcQ55yXDoI0LM7qgCxADvdtvrAKVNwbJobGrxxvHMnCuVkuGCy/At+GOQ5ftvm7y3yyd1fwq51gfrEaWPtS/MYvfAO0DI5wHRLoYCykvgYD7fCd9rUnEVOL5Gm/Q6jTrNkGl1/oseI3M8w5dDRe/XQrOFrrqKAhftrFW4rzAr5mWCWZdFBo1Dr3bxUtkkdWD2GUmq0mtzj4uchAADxgDpTAD7N8eB2j2zPS2ejhW213vl7MCnTKxcTkXfK5tJVDRsrqfNSCPvGMuKEmZjL3HMFkPnHIupvS13DbdNQNY3fwrnPz0f7j/1cSq/yDSyjmzMX0ab+K+xyWksT23LhjyZANrH34qa8Vzd7zIf/sV/+zEhwXMwvtIoEwALM9MX0/jKx8gT8O2m+gBBO/S9p6XVS4Kpb9N18yqdE4LMkTRzKflL94xgj4tAwsSJRKgHUBZcKUAvzIdaHnqGPD5LLLsUiUsdvCoJY102+LYfcMaPAMrk8svdwOtOEcAkbju1VWUULtY9RPrZx6JSSMPF8u5VUmjYtekCRSW0/FQB3rzrpjbxFcZz2VWI96UIrZQwDE6qGg2CG1UAwIo+YxCDi2c/Oxj27rVQ8hq1rdDa6F9aGMOr19Gkx6aWM8ub+RbXVOz9KLhhiofhXOfno/3H/q4muX+ODMq4NCSJtEmnddekN4T+qwOk7rdH1MNL2nptVJwqll+TO2UTrWZIlcMUbnrtMXITJBGglkK6ntiBGp+AHSCdTbmvQX5jFdHbdJ+jp+0/+C7/AM7Y9DiS7zsNNdNcUISa6pM6bxvNtFl5ZErUqErfTVXhHzJoAeZoYpvCs40ubpWaVQ6FVafvQwBfvXdL+qKDQyqUXxbeybnI3NicVLu9LJA38SLpQb0S2QNRaiB+TR+ZuYAx0plFxeJLDPuGGGBwYYYYAYYYYAYYYYA1OIcVhgAMrqlmhfUn+SBufsxROb+R04tKuYyzhCF0PLZ0yAXQUUQdJJBav5N+EgTPMeRkzMrCEllCqkhTSGUpMsmlGZgtsAQy+VKTeyNNcD4e0SuX2aRg1FtZFIiC2PViEsn1PnVnjWeZOFkq5cUHh9UcwHYhmP0lPu/s8H9+LVyD2bDIGaSZ1mkkpR4dkRbNCx1JNnYfCvuTeMMcUUuSLrNXfbHhsm2ujbIXj3J+VziKkqVpbUpTwkGiOoHofP8A6YhD2S5D0k6V1Xp89F17dMXXDE8szYKXJ2V5SjoeVG3KsHGzHcNQAshgG63Y6jEHLw7jiuy93G4BIDKI6YCgG8WYU2epFDr7b9Qwxnv01WoSVsVLHUlCcofpeDmCZXjV0cuvzuL+z6R/mj6jFj5X5Wkrvs/peZ1rutjFErVqVR0YmhbG+lA9btmGKqdDpqZcdcEn1JStnJYkzEMql3pW7u9I6+vzxH8I5Zy+Wvu0G4UGwOqgjVsB4je589sShYeuPuNhWYpcsjKUZQVYEFSNiD1BGKTL2VizozmaRPxU71yEXYBVpxsKoefuTZN7wxGUIy/UsnU2uRQX7KiQf9ezQvzEj7Xe4+sr/wBsT/CuScrl4kijEgVRW08i6j5sQrgamO5NdTifwxyMIx/SkvINt8ykcx9k+UzRaRGkimPV9bShjQA1q7EmgK8JU154qGU7Fc2ZdMksSxD8ddTMR7IQKPzO3vjs2GDri3k3UdpamiHBCe3y8uhV+X+zzKZIBodfe7XKXOph1KkCl0HzWvQ9QCNdszxDLBYwplOlCzU8tFp1VjqNavASdO2kAE3Vmz8RzncxSSUW0KWodTQusVOHj8007wyOhiDxo/dgoxMrSKFSyWoGPxHrp1MCALMkscjHOcpycpPLfeT3AM/LKGLhitKVZojCdRvUmhib00PECQdRFmrxL48xxhQAoAAFAAUAB0AGPWOkBhhhgBhhhgBiP43kHmRQhGzWVLFVcURpZl8QokNt5qB54kMMAU78A5jLEzCU0pcrGJCwt4o41C95Wpy4Pxtptr6k4s/D5XMMbSjS+gFwaFNXiuiQN/fGxJGGBVgCCKIIsEHqCPTHIO1uHOxvFCjSSZR18MaeIhlPiEo6soBWixI+3c8bwi6itWTUZSUV1fI6NludchJN3KZmJpLoDVsT6K3wsfYE4m8flo5OYjeCaj6x7dAf+o/yDjpXZHDxCTvtUk0OXQKqCRdVudzoD3pULWw2OoYhGUm90b9ZotPTDiquUvDv+BeM7zUWZ0yyBijMjSPsgZDTAKDrYgivxR/K9Yt2mY6nzEuryKtoVflGvgP9MNjW5h5QzyTfSMnIHaTadGVFBIHhkA2XVsFJsbV1xoDhHHNvCnv/ABY2+Ws/2+ftR+f1+l7TusforEo92G17/wC8eBnqsoivWW5ZspzFPFtKvfL+UgCyD9ZDSt81K/qnG9/C7L/kzfuJP8OKScnxmId5JErqotkUJZHnpKsTdb9DuPfHqLnLKMuoM9fzMhHUjqEIO4IsEjbYnFMtV2rpEozrVnik378fQkoaezdPBc25wy4F6Zv/AA8n+HG7l3kmUOHVUYAropyQQdy58NGx0Hl1N0KD/C3K1ep6/mJRvv8A7v2P3Yl+TZp5meWBe6yrCwZFJ72QsCXjjDKVGmwSSNRIOnY3t7P7Q1d9nBdS4rrhr5/sVXU1wjmMsktxTlvvJO9fMOoXSdqQBUkSQ2RQNaDRPQsTiQg4VDQFtJpYm2lZzq6G7Y+nw9Ou2PPEuEtPFLE0rASI6bKtVImj0vw2SKI6748cN4VFANGtmt3YBpGJPeF2pgWOrYndrPh9hXumU8Z+DLZeN5DJ9GVbZir6VBIq9BtCSTfwmzXW94dOO502dcKgk6Q8DM4Xy1lZ1XVXWhWJ+UZWLYiIEigoC6mHw0F6m+lfZinP2ZyMzNDmpctGxJSEM7CMGthplUDcHw71qIs0Kwa2rU2JLT2KPXKz9fkW1ygv1rJKfhvO/nIP/Dv/AP04luA8cMxeKTSJYwC2n4WRiwVgCSVvSRpJNV1I3xV/9GOYv/4jN8rl9/8AiP8ANYmeAchQ5aLSZJ3kYlpJe/lRpHPmwSQDYUB7AYo0en1tdmb7VKPTH2RKydbWIxwzzzxz5Hw0RDT3kkrHSmqqRR4nYgEgA0OnU/PFU/03/wDDD94/9X1P+b9sWHmTsuy2b8feTJKF0hzK03hFkAiVm2tifCV69cUQ9jWf73Rqh0fndRqv1K1X7dP5WPSk5p7I3aSjRWQzdY4y8tvZsy6cq88JxaWSBgI+7AYxgsTMmwJtkXwBjTLVm1s0SDasnwGCJ9aKdXQW7MFFAUisxCihVKBttin5Ls9y/DImzIeSSdB4ZNQQLZohVNoAQaOvV8x5WjK8xxaF1m5DQIjjdxr7kTELpU2NBsEWD0BJ2xNZxuYLlWptVNuPdnmTGGMGTzqSrqQkiyDalSCOoZWAYH2Ixnx0pGGGGAGGGGAGGGMObzaxIXY0B/WTsAK3JJ2oYArnF+apUzAiiC0XEdlS7F9Ksx0h10oFb4/Edj4aotLcBpo+9NmR77wn8pCVKr5aFIIWtiN9yxJiMvHlc0wlkluR3CgRSOqhu6ZglrWpu7sljvt5aQBZ4YlRQqgBVAAA2AA2AAwB7wwwwAwwwwAxEyco5FmZjlYCzEsx7pbLN8RJrcnzPniWxgzOejjvWwFC66tpBAJCjciyOg88ARv8DOH/AKHl/wByv92NvK8ISHSIbjRb+rH8XVdFU7LRo0tDrtucYeIcwxRRNJ4m0oZKCsCVAvzXrXl1x74dxxJlBCuLeRRaN/s5XitjppbK3TUd8AbC5eTbVIbBvwqoBHkDYb7wR1xFycpxtOsxdzVDQzMwKiKeIhrbckTE2RfhrzxJrxJCL8YG3WN1+Lp1X2+zzwXisBAIljo9DrWj8jeAMkOUjS9CKt9aUC/nXzxmxq/hSD87H+2P78amd5ny8ewfvX/Iip29ro0o92Kj3xGc41x4pvC6s6k28IlcMVOTj+bY2ohjH5BDSE/rMCgH2A/M43ctzao2zCdz/LvXF+2ACvzdVHucefV2rpLp8EJrPuz5Z5l0tPZFZaJ/DHxHBAIIIO4I3BB9MfcekUGLM5hI1LOaUdft2AA6kkmgBuSQMVjMrkZ2Z0jLZiRtr7yGQsY+7vV4XEaotmtgVsDVVzPMEAaLVqClGDrqBKlhtpIXc6gxWhZsigehi+VuW3hIkktT420tJ3rl5ihcu+hN6QbUd2JJO2ALBk8kkS6UBqySSSxJPUszEkn3JxnwwwAwwwwAwwwwAxrZ7IiVQCSpU6lZa1KwBFiwR0JG4IonbGzhgCt5zlGMa5gXeaywek1ljlzARqUI1EHVpDL4uhXHuHjuVyWUjM+YjoDY7qW3OyREs+3TQLqqoVQsOOYdp/Z3NmJ0zWTQM7DRMuwsAeBxdb/infpp22OOPONi2mNcppWvEe9pZN2PtqyZl0mKZY/zhUHf1MYJavlZ9sXXhXGYM0neQSpIvqpuj6MOoPsaOOGf6MeJ/mDX9C+vp33pv1+V4uPZz2ZvC8s+cBDEd3HGG0+CwS7lG6kigtkCj1u8Qi559ZHoauvQKGdPNt9GuftwsFw5g480ciZeMhJHUvqYX4AaOgH4mur8lBBPUAxv07N/pB/dJ/djc452f5TNRhCHjZWDJIrtrRlINrqJAsDSfY4hx2Sx/pma/bx5ur0mrts4qbuFdMGKuyuKxKOTYzHGszEpd5wUHx2iIQvmVY+EN6atj02uxYOHSwhO9jik8YUljG3eOCPCWLeI7evS8QHC+y7LxTJLJNNPoNqkrWgbyJWt68r9vQVdMaNFTfVFq+zjfdtjBC2UJP1VgjOM8QaOGVu5LhELAHTpc/k1qu/mAPfGPhXE3eMn6OynVLsCgGpJpEAPj+JtOondbbriXwxuKiC5k43Nl4S6QtVqC4pxGrGmcop1MF9B/ZeKxC+Vb6wvFIz+IyMUZnNbEn5bACgAAAABWOhkYpua7KMi8jyDvF1nUVBUqCQAa1IxA26XQ8qAAx5PaPZr1uPzHFLu5r9jRTd6LO2TSrLf7n/kxG8R5mjgbu4ojIRu3dghVJ6C1UjURv7Cr6i5w9kuS66pet/7P/tYsfL3LkGRhEMC0t2SfiZj5sdvkAKAAAAAx51P+N1Rlm2bkunL45Lpa2TXqrBzX+Gr/or/AHn3/wB37X/ZePUfHs5mnXL5bLMkj/7Qv4Y1HxNeir/J6gmjuCL63hjdHsPQxaah8X9Sp6q17ZKfxnLZ+Phz5fKQhWWERxsJ9ThQAli0W303Rsb44ZmIZYj3civGy/iumhxXsQDX9Xnj9R40+J8HgzKaJ4klUGwHUGj6i+h9xj1pRb5PBdotVXQ36StTT68/YfnbgGSzs+YQ5MMZo2DAgDShBu5LpdO9UdyDQx+iuHZ7vF3GmRaDp5q1f1jzB8xj3kOHxQII4UWNB0VFCgeuw8/fEBnM1mMvmWkZGkWSRI0oISIyjswTSFa9S794aF7dTaMWluyGs1EL58UIKK6L9yz4YrXAeZpJ2iDBLdAXQK6vGTEJNTatihJCgjzYbmjVlxMxjDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADDDDADGvnVkK1GQpJosd9K+ZUVRb0B23s3VFhgD3lcssahVuh6mySTZJJ6kkkk++MuGGAP//Z" 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" /></a>Disleksia merupakan gangguan yang memengaruhi pengembangan keterampilan literasi dan bahasa, yaitu seperti membaca dan mengeja.<br /> Para peneliti dari Welcome Trust Center for Human Genetics di University of Oxford tengah meneliti gen yang disebut KIAA0319. Para peneliti itu sebelumnya telah mengidentifikasi sebuah haplotipe atau karakteristik genetik yang menandai suatu populasi (sekuen DNA-deoxyribose nucleic acid bagian ter- tentu dari gen tersebut).<br /> Gen itu rupanya terlibat dalam perkembangan area otak yang bertanggung jawab untuk proses berpikir. Mereka meneliti 6.000 anak dari keluarga-keluarga di Inggris usia sembilan tahun.<br /> Penelitian itu dikenal juga Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Studi yang mirip pernah dilakukan secara independen oleh para peneliti di Cardiff University terhadap anak kembar. ”Umumnya, orang yang membawa variasi genetik tersebut cenderung kurang baik dalam tes kemampuan membaca,” ujar Silvia Paracchini dari Welcome Trust Center for Human Genetics di University of Oxford, pemimpin studi itu.<br /> Sekitar 15 persen dari responden yang membawa versi mutasi gen itu cenderung mempunyai masalah membaca, termasuk mereka yang tidak masuk kategori disleksia. ”Bahkan, ketika mereka tidak dinyatakan memiliki gangguan disleksia masih punya masalah membaca,” ujar Silvia.<br /> <br /> Haplotipe yang sama mampu mengurangi aktivitas gen KIAA0319 selama masa perkembangan fetus (janin) yang memengaruhi pengembangan cerebral cortex, area yang berperan dalam proses berpikir.<br /> Bagian otak tersebut merupakan pusat-pusat sensor. Percobaan terhadap binatang menunjukkan, dengan mengurangi aktivitas KIAA0319 akan memengaruhi migrasi neuron.<br /> Proses tersebut memungkinkan sel syaraf yang menciptakan lapisan bagian dalam area cerebral cortex untuk bermigrasi keluar, ke tujuan akhir mereka.<br /> Penemuan lain yang menarik, gen tersebut terkait dengan lambatnya pertumbuhan di daerah tertentu otak. Riset itu jadi sangat dibutuhkan untuk identifikasi awal disleksia dan usulan intervensi dini saat otak masih berkembang sehingga nantinya ada hasil positif terkait keterampilan membaca dan lainnya.<br /> Hasil penelitian itu hanya menemukan sebagian jawaban teka teki mengapa sejumlah orang memiliki kemampuan membaca rendah. ”Ada faktor-faktor lain yang berkontribusi,” ujar Silvia.<br /> Wakil Presiden British Dyslexia Association Prof Margaret Snowling mengatakan, gen lainnya dan faktor lingkungan juga memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan kemampuan membaca. Dia menekankan, sejumlah individu terbukti berhasil mengompensasi gangguan tersebut dan sukses berkarier, sekalipun mereka membawa variasi gen tersebut. (BBC/Reuters/INE) </div>

Disleksia Ada Kaitan dengan Gen

Jakarta, Kompas - Disleksia ada hubungannya dengan gen atau plasma pembawa sifat tertentu. Namun, gen tersebut hanya memengaruhi kemampuan membaca, tetapi tidak memengaruhi intelegensia. Disleksia …

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